ABSTRACT
RNA binding protein (RBP) plays a key role in gene regulation and participate in RNA translation, modification, splicing, transport and other important biological processes. Studies have shown that abnormal expression of RBP is associated with a variety of diseases. The Musashi (Msi) family of mammals is an evolutionarily conserved and powerful RBP, whose members Msi1 and Msi2 play important roles in the regulation of stem cell activity and tumor development. The Msi family members regulate a variety of biological processes by binding and regulating mRNA translation, stability and downstream cell signaling pathways, and among them, Msi2 is closely related to embryonic growth and development, maintenance of tumor stem cells and development of hematological tumors. Accumulating evidence has shown that Msi2 also plays a crucial role in the development of solid tumors, mainly by affecting the proliferation, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance of tumors, involving Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/SMAD3, Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Numb and their related signaling pathways (Notch, p53, and Hedgehog pathway). Preclinical studies of Msi2 gene as a therapeutic target for tumor have achieved preliminary results. This review summarizes the molecular structure, physiological function, role of Msi2 in the development and progression of various solid tumors and the signaling pathways involved.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hedgehog Proteins , Mammals/metabolism , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplastic Stem Cells , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Objective@#To develop effective alternatives to natural enzymes, it is crucial to develop nanozymes that are economical, resource efficient, and environmentally conscious. Carbon nanomaterials that have enzyme-like activities have been extensively developed as substitutes for traditional enzymes.@*Methods@#Carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) were directly synthesized via a one-step electrochemical method from a MAX precursor using an ammonium bifluoride electrolyte at ambient conditions. The CDCs were characterized by systematic techniques.@*Results@#CDCs showed bienzyme-like activities similar to that of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. We systematically studied the dependence of CDC enzyme-like activity on different electrolytes and electrolysis times to confirm activity dependence on CDC content. Additionally, the synthesis mechanism and CDC applicability were elaborated and demonstrated, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The demonstrated synthesis strategy eliminates tedious intercalation and delamination centrifugation steps and avoids using high concentrations of HF, high temperatures, and halogen gases. This study paves the way for designing two-dimensional material-based nanocatalysts for nanoenzyme and other applications.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ammonium Compounds/chemical synthesis , Carbon/chemistry , Electrochemical Techniques , Enzymes , Fluorides/chemical synthesis , Nanostructures , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
Hepatic fibrosis is a liver damage healing response affected by a variety of factors; its formation is associated with multiple cytokines and a variety of signaling pathways. Transforming growth factor beta1( TGF-β1) is one of the strongest fibrosis cytokines known,and involves almost all the key links in hepatic fibrosis. TGF-β1/Smads signal pathway is the most classical pathway for TGF-β1 to play its role in promoting fibrosis as well as one of the most important signaling pathways of hepatic fibrosis formation. Studies for the signal pathway have made a series of scientific research achievements in recently years. Traditional Chinese medicine has the advantages of " multiple ingredients,multiple targets and less side effects",and is widely used in the clinical treatment of hepatic fibrosis.Effective components of traditional Chinese medicine are monomer compounds,which are extracted and purified from traditional Chinese medicine. Nowadays,the molecular biology studies of effective traditional Chinese medicine have become a hotspot. Modern advanced technology and methods can be used to directly clarify the targets and the signaling pathways,reveal the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating diseases,and promote the modernization and international development of traditional Chinese medicine industry. This review summarized the structure,function and application of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway in the progress of anti-hepatic fibrosis,and analyzed the action mode and possible mechanism of various effective components of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway and intervening the treatment of hepatic fibrosis in the past five years,so as to put forward new ideas for innovating new targeted traditional Chinese medicine for hepatic fibrosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Liver Cirrhosis , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Signal Transduction , Smad Proteins , Transforming Growth Factor beta1ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the chemical composition and predict the pharmacological mechanism of Baihe Dihuang Decoction by chromatography-mass spectrometry and network pharmacology. Methods: LC/MS and GC/MS were used to analyze the chemical components of Baihe Dihuang Decoction. The target information of chemical components was collected by TCMSP database. TTD and CTD databases were used to collect diseases associated with targets, and depression was targeted for screening. Cytoscape software was carried out to draw “chemical composition-target-disease” network diagram, KEGG pathway analysis of target was performed by DAVID online analysis and its pharmacodynamic components and mechanism were explored. Results: A total of 52 chemical constituents were obtained by chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The 31 targets corresponding to 25 components in Baihe Dihuang Decoction by network pharmacology were associated with depression. Conclusion: Baihe Dihuang Decoction has the effect of “multi-directional pharmacology” and “superimposition” in the treatment of depression, reflecting the characteristics of the complex system of traditional Chinese medicine. It may play a role in the treatment of depression by acting on 31 targets, regulating the signaling pathway and participating in inflammatory reaction, apoptosis, and neurotransmitter regulation.
ABSTRACT
Obejctive:To study the extraction, separation, physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of the crude polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.stem-branch.Methods: The crude polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.stem-branch was extracted by ethanol subsiding method .The total sugar content was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and the pro-tein content was determined by coomassie brilliant blue method .The content of uronic acid was determined by carbazole sulfuric acid method and the monosaccharide composition and the relative molar ratio were determined by GC .The antioxidant activities in vitro were evaluated by determining the reducing power of polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsifolia Shap stem-branch and its removal ability to 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine ( DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radicals .Results: The total sugar content of crude polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.stem-branch was 73.2％, and uronic acid accounted for 27.2％of the total sugar content of crude poly-saccharide.The content of protein was 17.6％.The crude polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsifolia Shap .stem-branch was composed of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, Gal, GlcA and GalA, and the relative molar ratio was 1.05:1.00:1.25:0.52:3.05:1.31:0.47:4.78. The reducing power of the polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsifolia shap.stem-branch and the clearance rate on DPPH radicals and hy-droxyl radicals increased with the increase of polysaccharide concentration .Conclusion:The crude polysaccharide from Alhagi sparsi-folia Shap.stem-branch was extracted , and the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity in vitro were studied, which provide foundation for the further investigation and comprehensive utilization of Alhagis parsifolia Shap.stem-branch.